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Assimilation, Exploitation & Discrimination: The Unenviable Fate of Canada’s Indigenous Peoples_我的网站

一 |     Pope Francis’s July 24-29 tour of Canada included a long-overdue apology to Native Canadians for the Catholic Church’s central role in abuses perpetrated at the country’s network of residential schools.,The notorious boarding school system was funded and organized by Canada’s federal government and run by Catholic and Protestant churches. It oversaw the forceful and systematic assimilation, abuse, enslavement and even murder of Native Canadian boys and girls from the mid-19th to late 20th centuries. It was a particularly brutal and cruel, but by no means first or only, tool of oppression experienced by indigenous peoples during the European colonialists’ history in North America.,“I am here because the first step of my penitential pilgrimage among you is that of again asking forgiveness, of telling you once more that I am deeply sorry. Sorry for the ways in which, regrettably, many Christians supported the colonizing mentality of the powers that oppressed the indigenous peoples. I am sorry. I ask for forgiveness, in particular, for the ways in which many members of the Church and of religious communities cooperated, not least through their indifference, in projects of cultural destruction and forced assimilation promoted by the governments of that time, which culminated in the system of residential schools,” Francis said at the former site of the Ermineskin Residential School in Maskwacis, Alberta on July 25.,The pope assured his apology was “only the first step” of “a serious investigation into the facts of what took place in the past and to assist the survivors of the residential schools to experience healing from the traumas they suffered.”,Pope Francis Holds Mass in Quebec During Visit to Canada to Apologize to Indigenous Community28 July, 13:01 GMT,Assimilation,More than 150,000 Native children passed through the residential school system over its 160+ year history. Children were prohibited, often by physical punishment, from speaking their native languages, having their ancestors’ religious concepts replaced with Christianity, and facing their cultural traditions and social norms substituted for those of the colonialists.,The first experimental residential school was opened in Brantford, Ontario, in 1833, but the system only became a federally-mandated, national, industrial-scale tool of subjugation in the 1880s after Sir John A Macdonald, Canada’s first prime minister, ordered the commissioning of a report on the residential school system model being operated in the United States.,The report, entitled ‘Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds’, became the basis for Canadian state-church cooperation in solving the Indian “problem” by removing indigenous children from the influences passed down to them by their communities and family units.,© WikipediaIndian Residential School, (Fort) Resolution, Northwest TerritoriesIndian Residential School, (Fort) Resolution, Northwest Territories© Wikipedia,Along with forced assimilation, students were subjected to other forms of torment, including sexual abuse by priests and teachers, forced labor, and slavery. As of 2021, the National Center for Truth and Reconciliation has been able to identify 4,117 documented deaths of First Nations, Inuit and Metis children in residential schools. However, new graves continue to be discovered, and former Truth and Reconciliation Commissioner Murray Sinclair estimates that more than 6,000 children may have died in the residential school system over the period of its operation.,In his bombshell 2016 book “Murder by Decree: the Crime of Genocide in Canada,” writer and former United Church of Canada reverend Kevin Annett challenged the NCTR over its conservative estimates on the residential school deaths, detailing the commission’s suppression of eyewitness testimony and archival documentation, and estimating that the true death toll may have run in the tens of thousands. Annett documented how the system included a monthly “death quota” and involved the use of germ warfare, and believes that as many as 50,000 children may have perished in the residential school network.,Exploitation,Residential schools were by no means the first instance of settlers’ mistreatment of Canada’s indigenous population, with Britain’s victory against the French in the North American theater of the Seven Years’ War of 1754-1763 sealing their fate of subjugation and colonial land grabs, as well as the relentless and cynical exploitation of the most loyal tribes.,At the conclusion of the war in 1763, King George III issued a royal proclamation declaring all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains and the colonies of what would ultimately become the early United States as Native territories, outlawing their settlement or purchase by colonialists, and requiring treaty negotiations for any changes to the arrangement. In Canada –organized from the remnants of New France under the name ‘Quebec’, lands to the west and north of the colony were proclaimed Indian territory.,Centuries later, scholars continue to fiercely debate the correct interpretation of the proclamation, and whether it was meant as a permanent guarantee of Native rights to lands beyond the then-existent colonies, or a mere opportunity for colonists to catch their breath before continuing an aggressive push west.,© Photo"The British Governments in Nth America Laid down agreeable to the Proclamation of Octr. 7, 1763," Gentleman’s Magazine (London, 1763)"The British Governments in Nth America Laid down agreeable to the Proclamation of Octr. 7, 1763," Gentleman’s Magazine (London, 1763)© Photo,Even as colonists repeatedly broke the 1763 treaty’s terms throughout the rest of the 18th and 19th centuries through wars of aggression and by taking advantage of divisions within Native tribes through cunning and trickery, many Natives remained loyal to the Crown.,Perhaps nowhere was this better exemplified than in the story of Joseph Brant, an 18th-century Mohawk military and political leader who led his warriors in defense of the British Empire during the American Revolutionary War of 1775-1783, and whose efforts proved decisive in halting an American advance into what is now Canada.,In return for the loyalty shown by Brant and his fellow Mohawks, Quebec Governor Sir Frederick Haldimand promised that after the war, his people would be granted more than 8,090 square km of land around the Grand River Basin in southern Ontario. However, after the war ended in 1783, the settlers would gradually chip away at their commitments, with the Native-administered area now known as the Six Nations Reserve shrinking to just 183 square km of land, two percent of what Brant was originally promised.,Brant’s story was repeated in one form or another throughout the 19th century, and today just 0.36 percent of Canada’s total landmass has reserve status for its Native communities.,© Wikipedia / National Archives of CanadaJoseph Brant, watercolour by William ArmstrongJoseph Brant, watercolour by William Armstrong© Wikipedia / National Archives of Canada,Discrimination,Notwithstanding decades of recognition by successive governments of the historical injustices done to indigenous people, and lip service to improving their social and economic standing, Canada’s community of 1.67 million Natives continues to struggle with a broad spectrum of problems more typically characterizing countries of the so-called Third World than of a thriving, highly developed First World nation.,The Council of Canadians estimates that some 73 percent of First Nations’ water systems are at medium or high risk of contamination, with dozens of indigenous communities still lacking basic access to clean drinking water, despite billions of dollars in aid doled out by Ottawa every year to developing countries, and over a billion dollars in support sent to Kiev this year amid the Ukrainian security crisis.,Along almost every social indicator, from poverty and access to housing to crime, education, and healthcare, Native communities continue to rank below other Canadians. Nowhere is this exemplified better than in average life expectancy. While other Canadian men and women live on average to an age of 79 and 84 years, respectively, among the First Nations, Metis and Inuit, these figures drop to 72.5 for men and 77.7 for women.。    国家法院。（图：CNA/Calvin Oh）电气工程公司运营经理与同事合谋，从工地上偷窃价值约10万3000元的电缆，销赃后获利4万5000元，被判18个月监禁。新传媒英文新闻网TODAY报道，43岁印度籍男子帕拉尼维尔（Palanivel Vijayasankar ）（23日）承认了一项失信罪，承认违反信托罪指控后被判处18 个月监禁。

二 | 他的同事、担任运营主管的安迪亚潘（Andiyappan Palanivelu）也来自印度，是此案的同案被告。他于4月24日离开本地，至今未归。法庭文件显示，两人在一家安装、升级和更换电气设备的公司Donjon工作。密谋出售工地上多余的电缆。作为运营经理，被告的任务是监督公司项目并确保其成功实施。

三 | 他还负责为所监管的项目采购原材料。被告于2021年受命监督心理卫生学院的一个项目。安迪亚潘从旁协助，并直接向被告汇报工作。施工现场位于万国景10号（Buangkok View）附近，涉及现有建筑的电气工程，共需要5312米长的XLPE电缆。这是是一种坚固、耐热的电缆，用于在地下或工业区安全输送电力。去年8月至10月，被告安排采购电缆并运送到工地。庭上揭露，这批电缆总价为42万3200元。四分之一电缆不翼而飞 公司在5月7日收到了该项目的发票，上面写明工地使用的电缆总长度为4800米。公司副总经理注意到注明的电缆长度与被告采购的的数量不符，于是派测量人员前往工地检查。测量人员发现实际使用的电缆长度仅为4020米，与被告采购的电缆长度相差1292米。不翼而飞的电缆价值约10万2931.93元。当被问及此事时，被告起初声称多出的1292米电缆已被使用或留在工地闲置。但在5月29日，他联系了公司的一名董事，承认他和同事为了一己之利而出售了这批电缆。

四 | 公司的一名员工隔天向警方报案，称被告挪用了这批电缆。在接受警方问话时，被告承认曾与安迪亚潘讨论过如何处理多余的电缆。他们两人想出了出售多余电缆并将收入对半分成的主意。

五 | 安迪亚潘随后在2月至4月之间将多余的电缆以约4万5000元的价格卖给了第三方买家。他交给被告大约2万2500元。被告随后将这笔钱汇回印度，因此无法归还。

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